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Automation is also shifting work from manual watch-standing toward decision-centred oversight. However, the human element remains responsible regardless of the level of autonomy. This supports a gradual %u201chuman-in-theloop%u201d transition rather than replacing people.In the long run, the most successful organisations will not be those that replace people with AI, but those that combine technology with stronger human capability. Training, cross-functional understanding, and clear accountability will become even more important. Smart shipping will require smarter collaboration between ship and shore.Are charterers and cargo owners advocating data transparency and digital performance reporting strongly enough?Progress is real, but uneven. On the positive side, BIMCO%u2019s CII clauses require owners and charterers to collaborate on data sharing and voyage instructions that are consistent with CII compliance. At the same time, the Sea Cargo Charter has prompted many cargo interests to measure and publicly disclose their climate alignment, creating a growing expectation for verified per-voyage emissions data.The overall direction is clearly toward greater transparency. Some charterers and cargo owners are placing much stronger emphasis on emissions data, voyage efficiency, and verified performance reporting, particularly those with strong ESG commitments or exposure to investor and customer scrutiny. For them, transparency is no longer optional.However, the market is not yet fully aligned. In many cases, a gap remains between the desire for detailed reporting and the willingness to standardise expectations, share responsibilities, or reward performance. Owners are often asked to provide increasingly granular operational data, but the commercial framework does not always fully recognise the value of operational efficiency and transparency.Going forward, stronger collaboration will be needed. If the industry aims to improve environmental performance and operational efficiency, owners, charterers, and cargo interests will need a more consistent approach to data quality, reporting standards, and performance incentives. Broader adoption of common data models and independent verification is still required to make %u201clike-for-like%u201d comparisons routine.Has cyber risk become a serious threat to fleet safety and business continuity as ships become increasingly connected and software-driven? To what extent is the industry truly prepared to protect itself against these threats?Cyber risk has unquestionably become a serious threat to both fleet safety and business continuity.As vessels become more connected, the potential consequences of a cyber incident extend beyond office systems and administrative disruption. They can affect communications, navigation support, cargo operations, maintenance Smart shipping156 NX